Site tour


This page has been designed so as to give you an idea of the contents of this website. Differently from common "Site tours", requiring you to jump between pages, the "Tour" is all included on one page. To get a general idea, we suggest that you look it through without clicking on the links in the first round. In the end you find a list of good "Starting points".

To save your time, we have classified the texts according to difficulty and put markings at the links so that you can easily see which are the difficult texts. The markings are as follows:

Difficulty level of linked page:

[EL] = elementary level.   [ML] = medium level.   [AL] = advanced level



Site Overview

The website covers health hazards and environmental hazards with GE foods. "Global consequences" covers the global effects of applying food biotechnology to agriculture. The section "Safety assessment and labelling" may not sound so very exiting, but it contains some hot stuff about serious neglect of important facts on the part of regulatory bodies and their experts.

Before each section, an illustrative quote representing the essence of the current status of the issue has been entered. Finally, a "Conclusion"sums up the facts presented at this website.

Finally, with the message "To you who care about the future of the world" we invite you to help us with our campaign to stop the unnecessary and potentially dangerous exploitation of Genetically Engineered Foods.

Below you find a presentation of the contents and the different sections of the site with some key texts.


Contents of this site

1. Introduction
2. Health hazards
3. Environmental hazards
4. Global consequences
5. Safety assessment and labelling
6. CONCLUSION
7. To you who care about the future of the world
8. How to join our network
9. Links to related websites


The sections of the site

Illustrative quotes 
and overviews 


1. Introduction

Illustrative Quote

"Up to now, living organisms have evolved very slowly, and new forms have had plenty of time to settle in. Now whole proteins will be trans-posed overnight into wholly new associations, with consequences no one can foretell, either for the host organism, or their neighbors.... ..going ahead in this direction may be not only unwise, but dangerous. 

Potentially, it could breed new animal and plant diseases, new sources of cancer, novel epidemics."

Dr. George Wald. Nobel Laureate in Medicine 1967. Higgins Professor of Biology, Harvard University.
(Quote from: 'The Case Against Genetic Engineering' by George Wald, in The Recombinatnt DNA Debate, Jackson and Stich, eds. P. 127-128. ;Reprinted from The Sciences, Sept./Oct. 1976 issue)


Summary of scientific facts

(This list is an exerpt that contains only the headings of each point. 
For the full list, click here)

1.Genetic engineering is fundamentally different from breeding [EL]
2. Artificial insertion of genes yields unpredictable results. [EL]
3. Hazardous substances may be generated unpredictably  [EL]
4. No safety assessment methods are fully reliable [EL]
5. The present rules for safety assessment are seriously inadequate [EL]
6. The GE-foods developed so far are of no significant value for mankind [EL] .
7. Knowledge is very incomplete about the ecological effects [EL]
8. New and potentially dangerous viruses may emerge [EL]
9. Incomplete knowledge about DNA [EL]
10. Genetic engineering will not help solve the world hunger problem [EL]


2. Health hazards

Illustrative Quote 1:
 

"Potentially disastrous effects may come from undetected harmful substances in Genetically Modified Foods."
 

Dr Andrew Chesson, vice chairman of European Commission scientific committee on animal nutrition. Since long before this statement he has been known as an advocate for food biotechnology. (Daily Mail, UK, 13 Sept 1999). 

Illustrative Quote 2:

"The fact is, it is virtually impossible to even conceive of a testing procedure to assess the health effects of genetically engineered foods when introduced into the food chain, nor is there any valid nutritional or public interest reason for their introduction."

Professor Richard Lacey, microbiologist, medical doctor, and Professor of Food Safety at Leeds University, famous for his prediction of the dangers of "Mad cow disease" more than seven years ago. Recently he has spoken out strongly against the introduction of genetically engineered foods, because of 'the essentially unlimited health risks'


3. Environmental hazards


Illustrative quote:

"Our current knowledge does not provide us with the means to predict the ecological long-term effects of releasing organisms into the environment. So it is beyond the competence of the scientific system to answer such a question..."

René von Schomberg. Contracted by STOA (Scientific and Technological Options Assessment) of the European Parliament. Quoted from: "Report on the release of Genetically Modified Organisms to the European Parliament", 2 Jan. 1998 (82 Kb).See also Comment on the EU policy concerning release of GE organisms [EL]


4. Global consequences  

Illustrative quote

"The recent expansion of international trade agreements to include intellectual property rights threatens the sustainability of local ecosystems, the rights of indigenous peoples, the ability of nations to provide food security, and protection of the global environment." 

The Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy.



5. Safety assessment and labelling
 
Illustrative Quote 1

" The predominant philosophy behind current regulation can be summarized by the "No need - don't look - don't see" futile cycle .....this forms a self-reinforcing cycle, a motor for effectively passing with impunity any and every genetically engineered product to the public that the industry so wish. We repeat, the industry have been handed carte blanche to do as they please for maximum profitability, with the regulatory body acting to allay legitimate public fears and opposition." 

Professor Mae-Wan Ho, Biology Department, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
(Quote from Fatal Flaws in Food Safety Assessment)

Illustrative Quote 2

"Over the last fifteen years, I and other scientists have put the FDA on notice about the potential dangers of genetically engineered foods. Instead of responsible regulation we have seen bureaucratic bungling and obfuscation that have left public health and the environment at risk"

Dr. Philip Regal, professor of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior at the University of Minnesota and an internationally recognized plant expert.
Statement in conjunction with a Lawsuit Challenging FDA Policy on Genetically Engineered Foods at 27 May 1998. 


Serious deficiencies in safety regulations

The Biotechnololgy industry has been claiming that there is no fundamental difference between breeding and genetic engineeering. Therefore, they say, if the engineered product is "substantially equivalent" with its natural counterpart it is harmless as its natural counterpart and can be treated as the latter from a regulatory standpoint. 

Articles in this section explain why there is a fundamental difference between breeding and genetic engineeering. For this and other reasons, the principle of substantial equivalence is useless as a basis for safety assessment, see (Inadequate GE food safety assessment, an "at a glance" summary [EL]. Still it has been used for approving GE foods in most countries. 

So it has not been reliably established that any of the approved GE foods are safe to eat nor that any crops are safe to the enviromnent.

It has been a tradition in most countries that governments do not require that the producer proves that a new product is harmless, be it a chemical, a food additive or a genetically engineered food. The products are allowed to be released into nature and to be used by humans as long as there appears no evidence of their harmfulness. This is a major reason for the serious global problems with various kinds of pollution damaging the health of people and the environment. Now there is an increasing consensus that this policy should be abandoned and replaced by the precautionary principle, see "Introduction to the Precautionary Principle" [EL].


Dysfunctional science

"The successful launch of genetically engineered foods with the aid of a useless safety assessment principle endorsed by leading scientists in national and international expert committees is a very serious warning for us all. It may indicate that we are already on the way towards a "new pseudo-scientific world order" where the short term interests of powerful industrial interests override global long term ecological and health safety considerations."

Excerpt from "Dysfunctional science - Towards a "pseudoscientfic world order"?


Open letter to all governments demanding withdrawal of GE foods from the market

We have formulated a letter demanding the withdrawal of all genetically engineered (GE) foods from the market unless they have undergone rigorous safety assessment. In practice this means that all foods on the market should be withdrawn. Scientists, physicians and students are invited to sign. See Open letter to governments. Translated to French and Spanish.



6. Conclusion
 

Genetic engineering differs fundamentally from traditional breeding. The insertion of a gene may cause the generation of unexpected harmful substances detrimental to health. There are no fully reliable methods for detecting such substances. The effects on the environment are very incompletely known. They may be potentially serious and irreversible. There are no genetically engineered products today that may contribute to the solution of the world food supply problem. Science knows too little about DNA and the effects of genetic engineering to be able to predict reliably whether the technique will ever be able to yield really safe and valuable products of any kind at all. It may even turn out to be a blind alley. Consequently, there is no sound scientific justification for the rapid exploitation today of genetically engineered organisms for food production. 

Much research remains to be done before it can be judged whether release of genetically engineered organisms and the use of genetically engineered foods is safe enough to be justifiable.

Until this has been done, PSRAST demands a global moratorium on the release of genetically engineered food products into the environment and on the use of them as food.


To you who care about the future of the world
 

We think that, after studying this website, you may have realized that the imminent avalanche of genetically engineered foods is not only unjustified and unnecessary, but a potentially serious threat to the health of mankind and to the global ecology. It is our resolve to bring this to a stop. You can contribute in importantly. 

To see what you can do, Click here


Good starting points

Now that you have got an overview of the site, you might want to go deeper. You can either return to the beginning of this tour and look for links, but we think the best way is to use our list of selected starting points. This list is found at our Start Page. From each starting point page you are linked to others pages at the site.


If you like this site, you can easily announce
it to friends using our 

Website Announce Page.


To the beginning of this overview


Physicians and Scientists for Responsible 
Application of Science and Technology


"Genetically Engineered Food - Safety Problems"

Siteguide   Starting points   Website search   Site Map   Home page   

News   Introductory articles   Health hazards    Environmental hazards   

Global issues   Safety issues   Alternatives to GE   FAQ   

About us   What You can do   Membership   E-mail   How to sponsor us